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1 reduction principle
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > reduction principle
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2 reduction principle
Математика: принцип редукции -
3 reduction principle
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4 reduction principle
A method for specifying the consumption of sales forecast requirements and purchase forecast requirements that are used in master scheduling. -
5 principle
1) правило; принцип2) закон3) начало, первооснова, (перво)источник•- distributed maximum principle - least number principle - principle of adiabatic invariance - principle of contraction mapping - principle of extension of inequalities - principle of fixed point - principle of harmonic balance - principle of harmonic measure - principle of hyperbolic measure - principle of least squares - principle of length and area - principle of mathematical induction - principle of maximum likelihood - principle of point estimation - principle of stationary phase - principle of stochastic balance - principle of transfinite induction - principle of unsufficient reason - virtual work principle - weak likelihood principle -
6 principle
засада, принцип; норма, правило; доктрина; головне правило; першопричина, причинаprinciple of affirmative action — принцип сприяння меншинам ( або знедоленим)
principle of equal remuneration for works of equal value — принцип рівної винагороди за працю рівної вартості
principle of equality of the sexes in financial and property matters — принцип рівності статей у фінансових і майнових питаннях
principle of excluding women from the succession — принцип ненадання жінкам права успадкування, принцип виключення жінок з правонаступництва
principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities — принцип справедливості для всіх народів і національностей
principle of national sovereignty — принцип державного ( або національного) суверенітету
principle of negotiated tariff reduction among nations — принцип узгодженого між державами зменшення тарифних ставок
principle of "no taxation without representation" — принцип неприпустимості обкладання податками без представництва в законодавчому органі
principle of "one person, one vote" — принцип "одна особа - один голос"
principle of racial segregation — принцип расової сегрегації, принцип роздільного проживання рас
principle of the responsibility of the executive to the elected branch of the legislature — принцип відповідальності виконавчої влади перед обраним народом законодавчим органом
principle of "separate but equal" — принцип сегрегації ( рас) за умови забезпечення рівності їх прав
principle of the larger the state, the greater its representation — принцип, згідно якому чим більше штат, тим більшим повинно бути його представництво (в законодавчому органі) ( у США)
principles embodied in the UN Charter — принципи, закріплені в Статуті ООН
principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries — = principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries принцип невтручання у внутрішні справи інших країн
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries — = principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries
principle of one-man administration — = principle of one-man management принцип єдиноначальності
- principle of criminal justiceprinciple of one-man management — = principle of one-man administration
- principle of deliberation
- principle of division of power
- principle of elective monarchy
- principle of equal opportunity
- principle of equal pay
- principle of equal security
- principle of equality
- principle of horizontal equity
- principle of international law
- principle of judicial review
- principle of justice
- principle of law
- principle of lay involvement
- principle of legal certainty
- principle of legal ethics
- principle of legality
- principle of majority
- principle of majority rule
- principle of non-aggression
- principle of non-interference
- principle of oral proceedings
- principle of organization
- principle of patriapotestas
- principle of proportionality
- principle of protective duties
- principle of reciprocity
- principle of represenattion
- principle of res judicata
- principle of scission
- principle of solidarity
- principle of sovereignty
- principle of stare decisis
- principle of surrogation
- principle of taxation
- principle of territoriality
- principle of toleration
- principle of unanimity
- principle of vertical equity
- principles of law -
7 principle of reduction
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > principle of reduction
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8 principle of reduction
Математика: принцип редукцииУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > principle of reduction
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9 principle of reduction
мат.English-Russian scientific dictionary > principle of reduction
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10 принцип редукции
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > принцип редукции
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11 WARP
2) Военный термин: Web Access and Retrieval Portal, worldwide AUTODIN restoral plan, worldwide ammunition reporting program3) Юридический термин: Warning Advice And Reporting Point4) Экономика: Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (термин микроэкономики)5) Телекоммуникации: Wireless ATM Research Project6) Университет: Workshop For Art Research And Practice8) Деловая лексика: Worldwide Approved Relative work Progression9) Океанография: Wave Adaptive Reduction Principle10) ООН: World Assassination Reaches People11) Программное обеспечение: Waba Application Resource Package -
12 warp
2) Военный термин: Web Access and Retrieval Portal, worldwide AUTODIN restoral plan, worldwide ammunition reporting program3) Юридический термин: Warning Advice And Reporting Point4) Экономика: Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (термин микроэкономики)5) Телекоммуникации: Wireless ATM Research Project6) Университет: Workshop For Art Research And Practice8) Деловая лексика: Worldwide Approved Relative work Progression9) Океанография: Wave Adaptive Reduction Principle10) ООН: World Assassination Reaches People11) Программное обеспечение: Waba Application Resource Package -
13 power
n1) сила; мощь; способность2) энергия3) власть, сила4) право, полномочия5) держава•to accord powers to smb — предоставлять полномочия кому-л.
to act outside one's powers — выходить за пределы своих полномочий
to assume power — брать власть в свои руки; приходить к власти
to bolster one's challenge to political power — усиливать свои притязания на политическую власть
to cede power to smb — уступать власть кому-л.
to check a country's power — преграждать путь мощи какой-л. страны
to come to power — приходить к власти; брать власть в свои руки
to concentrate all power in one's hands — сосредоточивать всю полноту власти в своих руках
to confirm smb in power — утверждать чье-л. назначение во главе государства
to delegate powers to smb — передавать / делегировать полномочия кому-л.
to do everything in one's legitimate power — делать все в пределах своей законной власти
to entrench oneself in power — закрепляться у власти
to exclude smb from power — не допускать кого-л. к власти
to exhibit one's full powers — предъявлять свои полномочия
to furnish smb with powers — предоставлять кому-л. полномочия
to gain power — захватывать власть; приходить к власти
to go beyond one's constitutional powers — превышать свои конституционные права
to hand over power to smb — передавать власть кому-л.
to lodge a great deal of power in smb's hands — сосредоточивать большую власть в чьих-л. руках
to lose one's power over smb — утрачивать власть над кем-л.
to preserve one's present power and privilege — сохранять свою власть и привилегии
to put too much power into smb's hands — наделять кого-л. слишком большой властью
to restore smb to power — восстанавливать кого-л. у власти
to share power with smb — разделять власть с кем-л.
to take power into one's hands — брать власть в свои руки
to take over power — приходить к власти; захватывать власть
to take some power away from smb — уменьшать чью-л. власть
to tighten one's grip on power — укреплять свою власть
to transfer power to smb — передавать власть кому-л.
to undermine smb's power — подрывать чью-л. власть
- absolute powerto win power — захватывать / завоевывать власть; приходить к власти
- abuse of power - administering power
- administrative power
- advent of power
- allied powers
- alternation of power
- alternative sources of power
- appointive power
- arrogance of power
- assumption of power
- atomic powers
- authoritarian power
- autocratic power
- Axis Powers - bid for greater powers
- bodies of power
- broad powers
- buying power
- capitalist power
- centralized power
- centrally organized political power
- change of power
- colonial power
- competitive power
- conquest of political power
- constituent power
- constitutional powers
- contender for power - dangerous power
- de facto power - decline in purchasing power - departure from power
- depleted power
- derogation of the powers
- detaining power
- deterrent power
- developing nuclear power
- devolution of power to the regions
- dictatorial powers
- discretionary power
- display of power
- division of power - electric power
- emergency powers
- emerging nuclear power
- Entente powers
- enumerated powers
- equilibrium of power
- executive power
- exercise of the power
- extension in power
- extension of powers
- extensive powers
- extra powers
- extra-constitutional powers
- fall from power
- federally generated power
- foreign power
- full powers
- general powers
- great power
- greater powers
- greater reliance on nuclear power
- grip on power
- handover of power
- hold on power
- imperial power
- imperialist power
- implied powers
- in power
- increased powers
- increased pressure on smb to relinquish power
- industrial power
- inherent powers
- inland power
- invincible power
- jockeying for power
- judicial power
- judiciary power
- labor power
- large powers
- leading power
- legal power
- legislative power
- limited powers
- limitless power
- long run of power
- lust for power
- major power
- majority power
- mandatory powers
- maritime power
- market power
- military power
- misuse of power
- monopoly of power
- monopoly power
- motive power
- naval power
- non-nuclear power
- nuclear power
- occupying power
- official powers - overthrow of smb's power
- Pacific power - peaceful transfer of power
- peace-loving power
- personal power
- plenary power
- plenipotentiary power
- political power
- popular power
- power has passed out of the hands of a party
- power is ebbing
- power of attorney
- power of influence
- power of organization
- power of recognition
- power of the law
- power of the purse
- power to sign
- powers of arrest and interrogation
- powers of internment
- powers of stop and search
- powers of the presidency
- powers that be
- powers to do smth
- principle power
- purchasing power
- push for power
- real power
- real purchasing power
- redistribution of power
- reduction in purchasing power
- reduction of smb's power
- regional power
- reins of power
- removal from power
- reserved power
- resurgence of military power
- retaliatory power
- return to power
- revolutionary power
- rise of power
- road to power
- royal power - signatory power
- source of power
- space power
- special powers
- specific powers
- state power
- strengthening of the economic and defense power of the state
- strengthening of the power
- strong executive powers
- struggle for power
- succession to power
- supreme power
- surrender of powers to smb
- sweeping powers
- switch of power from... to...
- the dollar's holding power
- the main power behind the throne
- third power
- time in power
- too much power is invested in the president
- trading power
- transfer of power to smb
- transforming power
- transition of power
- treaty-making power
- tutelary power
- under existing powers
- unlimited power
- untrammeled power
- unwarranted power
- usurpation of power
- vast powers
- verification of powers
- vested with broad powers
- veto powers
- victorious powers
- war powers
- Western Powers
- wide powers
- with deciding voting power
- world power -
14 tax loophole
прогалина у податковому законодавстві (що дає можливість ухиляння від сплати податку або податкового шахраювання; можливість ухилення від сплати податків), лазівка у податковому законодавстві, податкова лазівкаtax loophole on income derived from land — податок на прибуток, отриманий від землекористування
tax loophole on income from personal property — податок на прибуток від особистого майна (особистої власності)
tax loophole on incomes derived from any source — податок на всі прибутки (прибутки від всіх джерел)
tax loophole on unearned income — податок на невиробничий прибуток; податок на рентний прибуток; податок на нетрудові прибутки
tax loophole on wages and salaries — податок на заробітну плату; податок на фонд заробітної плати
- tax loophole loss carry-backtax loophole on yield of pension scheme assets — податок на прибуток від капіталу, вкладеного у фонд пенсійного забезпечення
- tax loophole loss setoff
- tax loophole management
- tax loophole neutrality
- tax loophole note
- tax loophole object
- tax loophole obligation
- tax loophole office
- tax loophole official
- tax loophole on alcohol
- tax loophole on capital
- tax loophole on commerce
- tax loophole on conveyance
- tax loophole on distributions
- tax loophole on energy
- tax loophole on funds
- tax loophole on imports
- tax loophole on income
- tax loophole on industry
- tax loophole on land
- tax loophole on persons
- tax loophole on tobacco
- tax loophole on trade
- tax loophole on value added
- tax loophole on wealth
- tax loophole overpayment
- tax loophole owed
- tax loophole paid
- tax loophole payable
- tax loophole payment
- tax loophole penalty
- tax loophole period
- tax loophole planning
- tax loophole police
- tax loophole police department
- tax loophole policeman
- tax loophole policy
- tax loophole position
- tax loophole principle
- tax loophole privilege
- tax loophole-privileged
- tax loophole proceeds
- tax loophole progressively
- tax loophole provision
- tax loophole purchaser
- tax loophole qualification
- tax loophole rate
- tax loophole rate schedule
- tax loophole rebate
- tax loophole receipts
- tax loophole receivable
- tax loophole receiver
- tax loophole reduction
- tax loophole reduction deposit
- tax loophole reform
- tax loophole reform bill
- tax loophole refund
- tax loophole refund claim
- tax loophole regulations
- tax loophole relief
- tax loophole remission
- tax loophole reorganization
- tax loophole residency
- tax loophole return
- tax loophole revenue
- tax loophole roll
- tax loophole rule
- tax loophole saving
- tax loophole scale
- tax loophole separately
- tax loophole shelter
- tax loophole-sheltered
- tax loophole stamp
- tax loophole statement
- tax loophole status
- tax loophole strategist
- tax loophole surcharge
- tax loophole system
- tax loophole the costs
- tax loophole threshold
- tax loophole treatment
- tax loophole tribunal
- tax loophole underpayment
- tax loophole unit
- tax loophole verification
- tax loophole violation
- tax loophole withheld
- tax loophole year
- tax loophole yield -
15 stand for
stand for [sth.]1) (represent) [party, person] rappresentare, incarnare [ ideal]3) (tolerate) [ person] consentire, permettere [ reduction]; tollerare [ insubordination]* * *1) (to be a candidate for election to: He stood for Parliament.) candidarsi per2) (to be an abbreviation for: HQ stands for Headquarters.) significare, stare per3) (to represent: I like to think that our school stands for all that is best in education.) rappresentare4) (to tolerate: I won't stand for this sort of behaviour.) tollerare* * *vi + prep1) (represent: principle, honesty) rappresentare, (subj: initials) indicare, stare per"BT" stands for "British Telecom" — "BT" è l'abbreviazione di "British Telecom"
2) (tolerate) tollerare, sopportare3) PolSee:stand 3., 6)* * *stand for [sth.]1) (represent) [party, person] rappresentare, incarnare [ ideal]3) (tolerate) [ person] consentire, permettere [ reduction]; tollerare [ insubordination] -
16 agreement
n1) соглашение, договор; контракт- come to an agreement on smth.2) согласие- in complete agreement with smth.- be in agreement with smb.• -
17 Cockerell, Christopher Sydney
[br]b. 4 June 1910 Cambridge, England[br]British designer and engineer who invented the hovercraft.[br]He was educated at Gresham's School in Holt and at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he graduated in engineering in 1931; he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1974. Cockerell entered the engineering firm of W.H.Allen \& Sons of Bedford as a pupil in 1931, and two years later he returned to Cambridge to engage in radio research for a further two years. In 1935 he joined Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, working on very high frequency (VHF) transmitters and direction finders. During the Second World War he worked on airborne navigation and communication equipment, and later he worked on radar. During this period he filed thirty six patents in the fields of radio and navigational systems.In 1950 Cockerell left Marconi to set up his own boat-hire business on the Norfolk Broads. He began to consider how to increase the speed of boats by means of air lubrication. Since the 1870s engineers had at times sought to reduce the drag on a boat by means of a thin layer of air between hull and water. After his first experiments, Cockerell concluded that a significant reduction in drag could only be achieved with a thick cushion of air. After experimenting with several ways of applying the air-cushion principle, the first true hovercraft "took off" in 1955. It was a model in balsa wood, 2 ft 6 in. (762 mm) long and weighing 4½ oz. (27.6 g); it was powered by a model-aircraft petrol engine and could travel over land or water at 13 mph (20.8 km/h). Cockerell filed his first hovercraft patent on 12 December 1955. The following year he founded Hovercraft Ltd and began the search for a manufacturer. The government was impressed with the invention's military possibilities and placed it on the secret list. The secret leaked out, however, and the project was declassified. In 1958 the National Research and Development Corporation decided to give its backing, and the following year Saunders Roe Ltd with experience of making flying boats, produced the epoch-making SR N1, a hovercraft with an air cushion produced by air jets directed downwards and inwards arranged round the periphery of the craft. It made a successful crossing of the English Channel, with the inventor on board.Meanwhile Cockerell had modified the hovercraft so that the air cushion was enclosed within flexible skirts. In this form it was taken up by manufacturers throughout the world and found wide application as a passenger-carrying vehicle, for military transport and in scientific exploration and survey work. The hover principle found other uses, such as for air-beds to relieve severely burned patients and for hover mowers.The development of the hovercraft has occupied Cockerell since then and he has been actively involved in the several companies set up to exploit the invention, including Hovercraft Development Ltd and British Hovercraft Corporation. In the 1970s and 1980s he took up the idea of the generation of electricity by wavepower; he was Founder of Wavepower Ltd, of which he was Chairman from 1974 to 1982.[br]Principal Honours find DistinctionsKnighted 1969. CBE 1955. FRS 1967.LRDBiographical history of technology > Cockerell, Christopher Sydney
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18 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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19 PPR
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Putative Promoter Region, чума мелких жвачных (Peste des petits ruminants)2) Американизм: Principle Policy And Rule3) Спорт: Power Point Rating4) Военный термин: Product Process And Resource, periodic performance report, periodic personnel report, permanent pay record, postproduction remarks, prior permission required, procurement problem report, procurement proposal request, production parts release, production performance report, program progress review, proprietary procurement request, purchased parts request5) Техника: photopolarizing radiometer, plant performance review6) Юридический термин: Pre- Parole Report7) Финансы: project performance report8) Сокращение: paper, parity progression ration, Photopolarimeter-Radiometer, импульсов на оборот (pulses per revolution), pounds per rotation9) Физиология: paired-pulse ratio10) Биотехнология: paired pulse ratio11) Фирменный знак: Plover Portage Rendezvous12) Деловая лексика: Performance Planning And Review, Process Product Resource13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: proportionate permeability reduction, Work Execution Plan (Russian)14) Программирование: PostScript printer spooler (Linux)15) Пластмассы: полипропилен (в частн., в маркировке пластиковых труб)16) Макаров: plan-position ( indicator) repeater, (plan-position indicator repeater) выносной радиолокационный индикатор кругового обзора17) Нефть и газ: project for implementation of construction operations, ППР, проект производства строительных работ18) Должность: Performance Percentage Rank19) NYSE. Pilgrim Prime Rate Trust -
20 ppr
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Putative Promoter Region, чума мелких жвачных (Peste des petits ruminants)2) Американизм: Principle Policy And Rule3) Спорт: Power Point Rating4) Военный термин: Product Process And Resource, periodic performance report, periodic personnel report, permanent pay record, postproduction remarks, prior permission required, procurement problem report, procurement proposal request, production parts release, production performance report, program progress review, proprietary procurement request, purchased parts request5) Техника: photopolarizing radiometer, plant performance review6) Юридический термин: Pre- Parole Report7) Финансы: project performance report8) Сокращение: paper, parity progression ration, Photopolarimeter-Radiometer, импульсов на оборот (pulses per revolution), pounds per rotation9) Физиология: paired-pulse ratio10) Биотехнология: paired pulse ratio11) Фирменный знак: Plover Portage Rendezvous12) Деловая лексика: Performance Planning And Review, Process Product Resource13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: proportionate permeability reduction, Work Execution Plan (Russian)14) Программирование: PostScript printer spooler (Linux)15) Пластмассы: полипропилен (в частн., в маркировке пластиковых труб)16) Макаров: plan-position ( indicator) repeater, (plan-position indicator repeater) выносной радиолокационный индикатор кругового обзора17) Нефть и газ: project for implementation of construction operations, ППР, проект производства строительных работ18) Должность: Performance Percentage Rank19) NYSE. Pilgrim Prime Rate Trust
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